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Rad 1: Rad 1:
 
==Basic 2-ship BVR tactics==
 
==Basic 2-ship BVR tactics==
  
'''Components''': Formation, MAR/DOR, communication, mutual support, differences from singleton BVR<br>
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'''Components''': Formation, MAR, communication, mutual support, differences from singleton BVR<br>
'''Not covered''': Advanced aircraft performance, advanced weapon efficiency<br>
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'''Prerequisites''': Basic knowledge of aircraft's performance, basic radar operation, basic A/A missile employment<br>
'''Prerequisites''': Knowledge of your aircraft's performance, basic radar operation, basic A/A missiles employment<br>
+
'''Not covered''': Aircraft performance, weapon employment<br>
'''Progression''': Advanced 2-ship BVR tactics, weapon employment and combat efficiency<br>
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'''Progression''': Advanced 2-ship BVR tactics, advanced weapon employment, advanced combat efficiency<br>
  
 
====See also====
 
====See also====
Rad 18: Rad 18:
 
* Keep weapons and a radar pointed in threat direction at all times.
 
* Keep weapons and a radar pointed in threat direction at all times.
 
* Stay out of [[Air-To-Air Glossary#MAR|Minimum Abort Range]], as long as possible or until you decide to transition to a WVR engagement.
 
* Stay out of [[Air-To-Air Glossary#MAR|Minimum Abort Range]], as long as possible or until you decide to transition to a WVR engagement.
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===Pre-flight===
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It is highly advised that the flight lead brief the flight on CAP procedures and preferred BVR tactics.
  
 
===Arriving on station===
 
===Arriving on station===
Rad 35: Rad 39:
 
[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_5nxasgk4 Example establishing racetrack with reference heading and markpoints]
 
[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_5nxasgk4 Example establishing racetrack with reference heading and markpoints]
  
===Engaging using shooter/cover tactic===
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===Engaging using shooter/cover trail tactic===
  
[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_87abkjt8 Example shooter/cover engagement with comms]
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[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_87abkjt8 Visual example shooter/cover engagement with comms]
  
When you decide or get vectored to engage a detected group of hostiles, either lead or wingman could become the "shooter". This is the aircraft that flies first into the engagement and fires the first missiles. The trailing aircraft has the "cover" role and helps maintain SA by observing radar contacts and/or putting the TGP/eyeballs on hostiles to detect launches and maneuvers. Cover is flown 20nm behind the shooter.
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When you decide or get vectored to engage a detected group of hostiles, either lead or wingman could become the "shooter". This is the aircraft that flies first into the engagement and fires the first missiles. The trailing aircraft has the "cover" role and helps maintain SA by observing radar contacts and/or putting the TGP/eyeballs on hostiles to detect launches and maneuvers. Cover is flown 20 NM behind the shooter.
  
 
Try to "sort" targets in a simple but effective fashion. If possible, use cardinal directions and altitudes to sort aircraft. "1, engaging northern bandit" or "2, engaging bandit at 25 thousand".
 
Try to "sort" targets in a simple but effective fashion. If possible, use cardinal directions and altitudes to sort aircraft. "1, engaging northern bandit" or "2, engaging bandit at 25 thousand".
Rad 56: Rad 60:
 
#* If shooter pushes, trailer continues cover role
 
#* If shooter pushes, trailer continues cover role
  
[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_87abkjt8 Example shooter/cover engagement with comms]
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[https://is.gd/fighterbrief_87abkjt8 Visual example shooter/cover engagement with comms]
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====Extended timeline====
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BVR combat is a very dynamic environment, and the extended timeline might evolve into one or multiple of numerous branches which will not be covered in the 2-ship basic BVR tactics guide. It's nevertheless imperative to maintain the shooter/cover concept for mutual support until combat is resolved.
  
 
===Intra-flight communication===
 
===Intra-flight communication===
  
These are general recommendations to increase situational awareness and tactical efficiency respectively while keeping traffic on intra-com channel low. Communication with AWACS in red, Examples are for the 2-ship flight Viper2 engaging two bandits in close formation.  
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It is imperative to enter combat with a plan and be able to adapt the plan to the dynamics of air combat. To execute efficiently execute the tactic, efficient communication is key to maintain situational awareness while not overloading the intra-flight frequency with unnecessary information.
  
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====Advisable calls====
  
In timeline order:
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* Fox calls with target location
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* Cover's position and aspect relative shooter
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* Pump/Cold
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* Target/s maneuvering
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* Winchester
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* Bingo
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* Disengagement
  
# Sensor check. Viper21: "One, SA contact both targets angels 28, hot on us."
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====Calls relative simple timeline====
# Sensor check. Viper22: "Two, sensor contact."
 
# RED Flight lead's decision to engage. Viper11: "Viper2, committing."
 
# Flight lead's short engagement briefing. Viper11: "One shooter, two cover in trail, one intends to press both targets."
 
# Wingman acknowledge. Viper22: "Wilco, two cover."
 
# Sensor check. Viper21: "One, radar contact both targets."
 
# RED Shot call. "Viper21, fox 3 times two, both targets."
 
# Viper21: "Cranking."
 
# Viper21: "Pitbull, pumping."
 
# Viper22: "Two. Targets defending, splitting up north and south. Pushing for the northern target."
 
# RED Viper22: "Viper22, fox 3 north target, cranking."
 
# Viper21: "Two, turning hot, cover."
 
  
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Example of a 2-ship flight engaging two bandits declared hostile in close formation. Calls on tactical frequency in red, all other calls on intra-flight frequency:
  
Sustained communication throughout engagement.
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# Sensor update. Viper11: ''"One, SA contact both targets 28 thousand, hot on us."''
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# Sensor update. Viper12: ''"Two, sensor contact."''
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# Decision. Viper11: ''"Viper11, committing."'' (THIS LINE IN RED)
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# Directive. Viper11: ''"One shooter, two cover in trail, one intends to press both targets."''
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# Acknowledgement. Viper12: ''"Wilco, two cover."''
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# Sensor update. Viper11: ''"One, radar contact both targets."''
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# SA update. Viper11: ''"Viper11, fox 3 two-ship."'' (THIS LINE IN RED)
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# SA update. Viper11: ''"Cranking."''
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# SA update. Viper11: ''"Pitbull, pumping."''
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# SA update. Viper12: ''"Two, targets maneuvering, splitting up north and south. Pushing for the northern target."''
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# SA update. Viper12: ''"Viper12, fox 3 north target, cranking."'' (THIS LINE IN RED)
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# SA update. Viper11: ''"Two, turning hot, cover."''
  
Whether hot or cold.
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Sustain communication beyond the simple timeline example into the extended timeline, applying above principles.
If cover.
 
  
 
===Contingency plans===
 
===Contingency plans===
  
 
It is natural to progressively lose situational awareness during a prolonged engagement. Always try to regain SA but don't freeze. If SA becomes permanently poor, it is very beneficial to have a contingency plan in the back of your mind. Usually this consists of a heading to fly when SA is lost. If you know that friendlies are southwest of your engagement, flying southwest when you lose SA is very likely to save you.
 
It is natural to progressively lose situational awareness during a prolonged engagement. Always try to regain SA but don't freeze. If SA becomes permanently poor, it is very beneficial to have a contingency plan in the back of your mind. Usually this consists of a heading to fly when SA is lost. If you know that friendlies are southwest of your engagement, flying southwest when you lose SA is very likely to save you.
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===MAR quick reference table===
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{| class="wikitable"
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! rowspan="2" | Weapon ||rowspan="2" | NATO Reporting Name ||rowspan="2" | Guidance Type || colspan="4" | MAR* (Hostile A/C flying at Mach 1)
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|-
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! A35 || A25 || A15 || A5
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|-
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| R-77 || AA-12 Adder || Active radar || 18NM || 14NM || 13NM || 11NM
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|-
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| R-27ER || AA-10 Alamo-C || Semi-active radar || 27NM || 20NM || 17NM || 13NM
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|-
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| R-27 || AA-10 Alamo-A || Semi-active radar || 16NM || 11NM || 11NM || 9NM
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|-
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| R-33 || AA-9 Amos || Semi-active radar || 25NM || 17NM || 16NM || 9NM
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|-
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| R-40 || AA-6 Acrid || Semi-active radar || 15NM || 12NM || 11NM || 11NM
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|-
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| R-25R || AA-7 Apex-C || Semi-active radar || 13NM || 11NM || 10NM || 10NM
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|}
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''*MAR numbers include a saftey margin of 5NM.''
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Source: original data from flyandwire.com

Nuvarande version från 19 december 2023 kl. 19.31

Basic 2-ship BVR tactics

Components: Formation, MAR, communication, mutual support, differences from singleton BVR
Prerequisites: Basic knowledge of aircraft's performance, basic radar operation, basic A/A missile employment
Not covered: Aircraft performance, weapon employment
Progression: Advanced 2-ship BVR tactics, advanced weapon employment, advanced combat efficiency

See also

Air-To-Air Glossary

Comms

Mission Procedures

Tactical imperatives

  • Keep weapons and a radar pointed in threat direction at all times.
  • Stay out of Minimum Abort Range, as long as possible or until you decide to transition to a WVR engagement.

Pre-flight

It is highly advised that the flight lead brief the flight on CAP procedures and preferred BVR tactics.

Arriving on station

20-30 NM from station, wingman performs a 360 or a dog-leg to separate roughly 20 NM in a trail. Enter CAP racetrack hold with hot leg in threat direction.

Note: Don't slow down to create the 20 NM separation. It takes a long time and puts you in a tactically vulnerable stance.

Keeping a good racetrack

  • Coordinate airspeed and bank angle. For example M 0.85 and 30° bank angle.
  • Communicate reference headings for the hot leg. Example: "Reference heading 020"
  • Turn at 12 NM distance to maintain ~20 NM trail separation.

Tip: Use markpoints for the end points of the racetrack, if possible. This helps with situational awareness.

Example establishing racetrack with reference heading and markpoints

Engaging using shooter/cover trail tactic

Visual example shooter/cover engagement with comms

When you decide or get vectored to engage a detected group of hostiles, either lead or wingman could become the "shooter". This is the aircraft that flies first into the engagement and fires the first missiles. The trailing aircraft has the "cover" role and helps maintain SA by observing radar contacts and/or putting the TGP/eyeballs on hostiles to detect launches and maneuvers. Cover is flown 20 NM behind the shooter.

Try to "sort" targets in a simple but effective fashion. If possible, use cardinal directions and altitudes to sort aircraft. "1, engaging northern bandit" or "2, engaging bandit at 25 thousand".

Once the shooter breaks off and goes cold, the roles are reversed and the cover aircraft becomes the shooter. However, the cold cover aircraft must be careful to not turn hot too soon as this can put the flight in a situation where both aircraft must turn cold at the same time. This violates the "weapons and radar in threat direction at all times" imperative, and could put the flight in a permanently defensive position.

Simple timeline

  1. Commit (decision or from AWACS)
  2. Shooter gets radar contact
  3. Shooter sorts targets (say which ones you'll be shooting)
  4. Launch
  5. Crank
  6. Decide (go cold or push to WVR)
    • If shooter cold, trailer assumes shooter role and sorts targets etc
    • If shooter pushes, trailer continues cover role

Visual example shooter/cover engagement with comms

Extended timeline

BVR combat is a very dynamic environment, and the extended timeline might evolve into one or multiple of numerous branches which will not be covered in the 2-ship basic BVR tactics guide. It's nevertheless imperative to maintain the shooter/cover concept for mutual support until combat is resolved.

Intra-flight communication

It is imperative to enter combat with a plan and be able to adapt the plan to the dynamics of air combat. To execute efficiently execute the tactic, efficient communication is key to maintain situational awareness while not overloading the intra-flight frequency with unnecessary information.

Advisable calls

  • Fox calls with target location
  • Cover's position and aspect relative shooter
  • Pump/Cold
  • Target/s maneuvering
  • Winchester
  • Bingo
  • Disengagement

Calls relative simple timeline

Example of a 2-ship flight engaging two bandits declared hostile in close formation. Calls on tactical frequency in red, all other calls on intra-flight frequency:

  1. Sensor update. Viper11: "One, SA contact both targets 28 thousand, hot on us."
  2. Sensor update. Viper12: "Two, sensor contact."
  3. Decision. Viper11: "Viper11, committing." (THIS LINE IN RED)
  4. Directive. Viper11: "One shooter, two cover in trail, one intends to press both targets."
  5. Acknowledgement. Viper12: "Wilco, two cover."
  6. Sensor update. Viper11: "One, radar contact both targets."
  7. SA update. Viper11: "Viper11, fox 3 two-ship." (THIS LINE IN RED)
  8. SA update. Viper11: "Cranking."
  9. SA update. Viper11: "Pitbull, pumping."
  10. SA update. Viper12: "Two, targets maneuvering, splitting up north and south. Pushing for the northern target."
  11. SA update. Viper12: "Viper12, fox 3 north target, cranking." (THIS LINE IN RED)
  12. SA update. Viper11: "Two, turning hot, cover."

Sustain communication beyond the simple timeline example into the extended timeline, applying above principles.

Contingency plans

It is natural to progressively lose situational awareness during a prolonged engagement. Always try to regain SA but don't freeze. If SA becomes permanently poor, it is very beneficial to have a contingency plan in the back of your mind. Usually this consists of a heading to fly when SA is lost. If you know that friendlies are southwest of your engagement, flying southwest when you lose SA is very likely to save you.

MAR quick reference table

Weapon NATO Reporting Name Guidance Type MAR* (Hostile A/C flying at Mach 1)
A35 A25 A15 A5
R-77 AA-12 Adder Active radar 18NM 14NM 13NM 11NM
R-27ER AA-10 Alamo-C Semi-active radar 27NM 20NM 17NM 13NM
R-27 AA-10 Alamo-A Semi-active radar 16NM 11NM 11NM 9NM
R-33 AA-9 Amos Semi-active radar 25NM 17NM 16NM 9NM
R-40 AA-6 Acrid Semi-active radar 15NM 12NM 11NM 11NM
R-25R AA-7 Apex-C Semi-active radar 13NM 11NM 10NM 10NM

*MAR numbers include a saftey margin of 5NM.

Source: original data from flyandwire.com